Conference Proceedings

  1. Wass, S., and S. Purao. 2023. Making Sense of Digital Technologies within the Capability Approach. Pre-ECIS workshop on Social Justice and Inclusion to Co-create Sustainable Digital Futures.
  2. Purao, S. and S. Mulgund. 2022. Designing for Self-Management of Multiple Chronic Conditions by the Aging-at-home.International Conference on Information Systems. Copenhagen, Denmark. December.
  3. Mulgund, P., S. Purao, L. Agrawal. 2022. Fathers with postpartum depression: A problem-space exploration. 16th International Conference in Design Science Research in Information Technology and Systems. St. Petersburg, Florida, USA. June.
  4. Purao, S. 2021. Design Science Research Problems … Where do they come from? 15th International Conference in Design Science Research in Information Technology and Systems. Kristiansand, Norway. July.
  5. Purao, S., L. Chandra, A. Mädche. 2020. Design Principles: Where do… they all come from? 14th International Conference in Design Science Research in Information Technology and Systems. Kristiansand, Norway. November.
  6. He, J., D. Murungi, S. Purao, A. Karunakaran. 2020. The Use of Action Knowledge to Support Work: The Case of Petrochemical Operators. European Conference on Information Systems. Marrakech, Morocco.
  7. Purao, S., M. Garfield. 2020. Process Modeling in Humanitarian Settings: A Case Study and Lessons Learned. European Conference on Information Systems. Marrakech, Morocco.
  8. Purao, S., M. Garfield, X. Gu, and P. Bhetwal. 2019. Predicting the Slide to Long-Term Homelessness. IEEE Conference on Business Informatics. Moscow, Russia.
  9. Murungi, D., Yates, D., Purao, S. and Yates, D., Y. Yu, and R. Zhan. 2019. Factual or Believable? Negotiating the Boundaries of Confirmation Bias. Proceedings of the 52nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.
  10. Zhang, G., Y. Zhou, S. Purao, and H. Xu. 2018. Extracting Conflict Models from Interaction Traces in Virtual Collaborative Work. Proceedings of MoBiD, Seventh International Workshop on Modeling and Management of Big Data. (Part of International Conference on Conceptual Modeling, ER Conference) Xian, China. October 2018.
  11. Murungi, D., S. Purao, and D. Yates. 2018. Beyond Facts: A New Spin on Fake News in the Age of Social Media. Americas Conference on Information Systems. New Orleans. August 2018.
  12. Khoury, Y.*, S. Purao, and M. Duffy. 2018. The Influence of Values on the Use of Citizen Services: The Elderly Perspective. Americas Conference on Information Systems. New Orleans. August 2018.
  13. Haj-Boulori, A., S. Purao, M. Rossi, and L. Bernhardsson. 2018. Action Design Research in Practice: Lessons and Concerns. European Conference on Information Systems. Portsmouth, UK. June 2018.
  14. Liu, N., S. Purao, and H. Tozato. 2018. Value-infused Design for a Service-Matching Platform for the Elderly. Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems. https://aisel.aisnet.org/pacis2018/159
  15. Haj-Bolouri, A.*, Purao, S., Rossi, M. and Bernhardsson, L., 2017. Action design research as a method-in-use: problems and opportunities. 12th International Conference in Design Science Research in Information Technology and Systems. Karlsruhe, Germany. May 30-June 1. Pp. 110-118.
  16. Gaudioso, C., H. Jain, and S. Purao. 2016. PACT: A Patient-centered CDSS for Cancer Treatment Decisions. Workshop on Information Technologies and Systems. Dec 14-16. Dublin, Ireland.
  17. Zhang, G., Y. Zhou, S. Purao and H. Xu. 2016. Surfacing Conflicts in Online Collaboration: An Analytical Tool for Behavioral Studies. Workshop on Information Technologies and Systems. Dec 14-16. Dublin, Ireland.
  18. Liu, N., S, Purao, and H, Tan. 2016. Value-inspired Elderly Care Service Design for Aging-In-Place. Pacific-Asia Conference on Information Systems. June 27-July 1, 2016. Chiayi, Taiwan. PACIS 2016.
  19. Zhang, G.*, Y. Zhou, S. Purao, H. Xu. 2016. Argument Detection in Online Discussions: A Theory-based Approach. Americas Conference on Informati0n Systems. San Diego, CA. AMCIS 2016.
  20. Chandra, L.*, S. Seidel, and S. Purao. 2016. Making Use of Design Principles. Proceedings of the Conference on Design Science in Information Systems and Technologies. St. Johns, Canada. June. DESRIST 2016.
  21. Liu, N. S. Purao and H. Tan. 2016. Value-Inspired Service Design in Elderly Home-Monitoring Systems. IEEE 2016 Workshop on PervAsive Technologies and care systems for sustainable Aging-in-place. Sydney, Australia. March.
  22. Zhang, G.*, and S. Purao. 2015. Extending Knowledge Management to ‘Knowing’: A Design of Experience Management System. iConference 2015 Proceedings.
  23. Purao, S., K. Umapathy, and J. Bagby. 2015. Activity patterns in design processes of IT standards. At the Vanguard of Design Science: First Impressions and Early Findings. 10th International Conference, DESRIST 2015. Dublin, Ireland, 20-22 May. DESRIST 2015.
  24. Na, L., A. Gavino, and S. Purao. 2014. A Method for Designing Value-infused Citizen Services in Smart Cities. Proceedings of the 15th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research (dg.o). Aguascalientes, Mexico. June.
  25. Dwivedi, N.*, S. Purao, and D. W. Straub. 2014. Knowledge Contributions in Design Science Research: A Meta-analysis.  Proceedings of the Conference on Design Science in Information Systems and Technologies. Miami, FL. May.
  26. Zhang, G.*, and S. Purao. 2014. CM2: A Case-Based Conflict Management System. Proceedings of the Conference on Design Science in Information Systems and Technologies. Miami, FL. June.
  27. Purao, S., and A. Wu. 2013. Towards Values-inspired Design: The Case of Citizen-Centric Services. International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS). Milan, Italy. December 2013
  28. Purao, S., A. Wu, and C. Teo. 2013. Modeling Citizen-centric Services in Smart Cities. . Proceedings of the 32nd International Conference on Conceptual Modeling (ER), Hong Kong. November 2013.
  29. Johnson, N.; A. Murphy; N. McNeese; M. Reddy; and S. Purao. 2013. A Survey of Rural Hospitals’ Perspectives on Health Information Technology Outsourcing. American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA) Symposium. Washington, DC.
  30. Zhang, G., and Purao, S. 2013. Using Vignettes to Study Conflict Management Practices in Enterprise Architecture Initiatives. i-Conference. Dallas, TX. February 2013.
  31. Purao, S., V. C. Storey, W. Maass, M. Reddy and J. Jansen. 2012. An Integrated Conceptual Model to Incorporate Information Tasks in Workflow Models. Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Conceptual Modeling (ER), Florence, Italy. November 2012.
  32. Bolloju, N., Purao, S., and C. H. Tan. 2012. Conceptual Modeling for Systems Integration. Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Conceptual Modeling (ER), Florence, Italy. November 2012.
  33. Karunakaran, A.*, Purao, S., and Cameron, B. 2012. Designing to support complex organizational work: a pragmatic approach.Proceedings of the IT Artefact Design Workshop (in conjunction with European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS). Barcelona, Spain. June 2012.
  34. Karunakaran, A.*, Purao, S., and Cameron, B. 2012. Recombining Process Knowledge Chunks with ReKon.Proceedings of the Business Process Modeling, Development and Support. Gdansk, Poland. LNCS Press, June 2012.
  35. Purao, S., Bolloju, N., and C. H. Tan. 2012. Designing-in-the-Large: Combining Local Solutions to Design Enterprise-wide Integration Solutions. Proceedings of the Design Science in Information Systems and Technologies Conference (DESRIST), Las Vegas, NV: LNCS Press, May 2012.
  36. Karunakaran, A.*, and Purao, S. 2012. Designing for Recombination: Process Design through Template Combination. Proceedings of the Design Science in Information Systems and Technologies Conference (DESRIST), Las Vegas, NV: LNCS Press, May 2012.
  37. Becker, J.*, Wei Dai, R.*, Purao, S. 2011. Understanding IT project risks as disturbances to digital ecosystems. ACM International Conference on Management of Digital Ecosystems. MEDES 2011. 137-142.
  38. Suo, S.* Techatassanasoontorn, A., Purao, S. 2011. The Interplay between Cloud-based SOA and IT Departments: Research Directions. Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS)
  39. Purao, S., V. C. Storey, V. Sugumaran, J. Conesa and J. Minguillon. 2011. Repurposing Social Tagging Data for Extraction of Domain-level Concepts. In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Applications of Natural Language to Information Systems (NLDB). June.
  40. He, Jingwen, Purao, S., Becker, J., and Strobhar, D. 2011. Service Extraction from Operator Procedures in Process Industries, In Proceedings of the Design Science in Information Systems and Technologies Conference (DESRIST), Milwaukee, WI: LNCS Press, 12-15 May 2011.
  41. Purao, S., Martin, R., and Robertson, E. 2011. Transforming Enterprise Architecture Models: An Artificial Ontology View, In Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), London, England. 20-24 June 2011.
  42. Karunakaran, A., and Purao, S. 2011. Templating in Practice. Proceedings of the I-Conference. Seattle, WA. February 2011.
  43. Purao, S., and Desouza, K.C. 2011. Looking for Clues to Failures in Large-Scale, Public Sector Projects: A Case Study, In Proceedings of the Forty-Forth Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS-44), Los Alamos, CA: IEEE Press, Kauai, HI. 4-7 January 2011.
  44. Purao, S., and K. Desouza. 2010. Large IT Projects as Interventions in Digital Ecosystems. ACM International Conference on Management of Digital Ecosystems. Bangkok, Thailand. 26-29 October 2010.
  45. Purao, S., and K. Desouza. 2010. An Enterprise-wide Intervention at IRS: A Longitudinal Analysis of Stakeholder Confidence and Sentiments. 5th Trends in Enterprise Architecture Research (TEAR2010) workshop. Delft. The Netherlands. 10-12 November.
  46. Sugumaran, V., Purao, S., Storey, V. C., and Conesa, J. 2010. On-Demand Extraction of Domain Concepts and Relationships from Social Tagging Websites, 15th International Conference on Applications of Natural Language to Information Systems (NLDB 2010), Cardiff, Wales, UK. June 23-25, 2010. Pp. 224-232.
  47. Purao, S., and H. Suen. 2010. Designing a Multi-Faceted Metric to Evaluate Soft Skills. ACM SIG CPR Conference. Vancouver, BC, Canada.
  48. Umapathy, K., Purao, S., and Bagby, J. 2009. Analyzing the Processes behind Web Service Standards Development. 8th Workshop on e-Business. Phoenix, AZ. December 2009.
  49. Cameron, B., Purao, S. 2009. Enterprise Integration: An Experiential Learning Model. Proceedings of the Information Systems Education Conference 2009, v 26 (Washington DC).
  50. Martin, R., Purao, S., and E. Robertson. Evolving Enterprise Architecture. International Conference on Enterprise Integration and Modelling Technology. Bled, Slovenia. 14-16 December 2009.
  51. Purao, S., Karunakaran, A., and Cameron, B. 2009. ReKon: Recombinable Knowledge Units for Systems Integration Projects, Workshop on Information Technologies and Systems/
  52. Purao, S. Sugumaran, V., and Storey, V. C. 2009. From User-contributed Tags to Domain-level Constructs: A Heuristic Appaorch, Workshop on Information Technologies and Systems.
  53. Karunakaran, A., Purao, S. and Cameron, B. 2009. From ‘Method Fragments’ to ‘Knowledge Units’: Towards a Fine-Granular Approach, International Conference on Information Systems.
  54. Yi, F., Purao, S., Clark, S., and Raghuram, S. 2009. Surfacing Process Automation Criteria: A Process Architecture Approach. 15th Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS’09) San Francisco. August 6-9, 2009.
  55. Srivatsan, V., Purao, S., Jansen, J., and He, J. 2009. Systems Developers Define their Own Information Needs. 15th Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS’09) San Francisco. August 6-9, 2009.
  56. Purao, S., Vaishnavi, V., Welke, R., and Lenze, L. 2009. A Framework for Problem-based Learning of Systems Development and Integration. 15th Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS’09) San Francisco. August 6-9, 2009.
  57. Robinson, W. and Purao, S. 2008. Development Support for Specifying and Monitoring Goals of Open Business Processes. 4th International Workshop on Service-Oriented Computing Consequences for Engineering Requirements (SOCCER’08) with RE 2008. Barcelona, Spain. September 8, 2008.
  58. Purao, S., J. Bagby, K. Umapathy. 2008. Standardizing Web Services: Overcoming ‘Design by Committee’. Service-oriented Computing Conference (SCC) Hawaii. July 2008.
  59. Purao, S., V. Vaishnavi, J. Bagby, F. Borthick, B. Cameron, L. Lenze, S. Sawyer, H. Suen, R. Welke. Using problems to learn service-oriented computing. Service-oriented Computing Conference (SCC) Hawaii. July 2008.
  60. Umapathy, K., Purao, S. 2008. Representing and Accessing Design Knowledge for Service Integration. Service-oriented Computing Conference (SCC) Hawaii. July 2008.
  61. Umapathy, K., Purao, S. 2008. Designing Enterprise Integration Solutions – Effectively. Design Science in Information Systems and Technology Conference (DESRIST) Atlanta. May 2008.
  62. Umapathy, K., Purao, S. 2007. Exploring Alternatives for Representing and Accessing Design Knowledge about Enterprise Integration. International Conference on Conceptual Modeling (ER) Auckland, New Zealand. 5-9 November 2007.
  63. Purao, S., Paul, S., and Smith, S. 2007. Understanding enterprise integration project risks: A focus group study. International Workshop on Enterprise Information Systems Engineering held in conjunction with DEXA 2007. Regensburg, Germany. 3-7 September 2007.
  64. Umapathy, K., Purao, S. 2007. Towards a theoretical foundation for web services. IEEE International Conference on Services Computing (SCC) Salt Lake City, Utah. 9-13 July 2007.
  65. Ocker, R., H. Huang, E. Trauth, Purao, S. 2007. The tension between expectations of availability and the reality of unavailability in hybrid teams: A reflection by a hybrid team of academic practitioners. IFIP 8.2/9.5 Working Conference on Virtuality and Virtualization, Portland, OR.
  66. Zhao, D., Rosson, M., Purao, S. 2007. The Future of Work: What Does Online Community Have to Do with It? HICSS 2007. Maui, Hawaii. 180.
  67. Cameron, B., Purao, S. 2006. Enterprise Systems & Integration Education: Innovative Approaches Utilizing Experience-based Learning. 1st International workshop on Enterprise Systems. affiliated with ICIS 2006, Milwaukee, WI.
  68. Bagby, J., Purao, S., P. Mitra. 2006. Standards Development, Disruptive Innovation and the Nature of Participation: Lock-In, Lock-Out, Holdup. 34th Research Conference on Communication, Information and Internet Policy (TPRC). Download
  69. Umapathy, K., Purao, S. 2006. Designing Under the Influence of Speech Acts: A Strategy for Composing Enterprise Integration Solutions. International Conference on Conceptual Modeling. ER p. 586
  70. Umapathy, K., Purao, S. 2006. Designing Enterprise Solutions with Web Services and Integration Patterns. IEEE Service Computing Conference (SCC). Chicago, IL, pp. 111-118.
  71. Smolander, K., Rossi, M., and Purao, S. 2005. Going beyond the blueprint: unraveling the complex reality of software architctures. European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS) Regensburg, Iceland. May 26-28. Best Paper Award.
  72. Cole, R. , Purao, S., Rossi, M., Sein, M. 2005. Being Proactive: Where Action Research meets Design Research. International Conference on Information Systems. (ICIS) Las Vegas, NV, December 11-14.
  73. Han, T. Purao, S., Storey, V. C. 2005. Automated Generation of Large-Scale Repositories of Reusable Artifacts. 15th Workshop on Information Technologies and Systems. (WITS) Las Vegas, NV, December 11-12,
  74. Purao, S. Walia, S. 2004. A Multi-Perspective Modeling Technique for Concurrent Designing of Business Processes and Information Systems. 14th Workshop on Information Technologies and Systems. (WITS). Washington, DC, December 11-12.
  75. Haynes, S. Purao, S. Skattebo, A. 2004. Situating evaluation in scenarios of use. Computer-supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) Chicago, IL, November 6-10.  Press Release
  76. Xiaocong, F. Umapathy, K. Yen, J. Purao, S. 2004. An Agent-based Approach for Interleaved Composition and Execution of Complex Web Services. 23rd International Conference on Conceptual Modeling. (ER) Shanghai, China, November 8-12.
  77. Storey, V. C. Purao, S. 2004. Understanding Relationships: Classifying Verb Phrase Semantics. 23rd International Conference on Conceptual Modeling. (ER) Shanghai, China, November 8-12.
  78. Kvasny, L. Sawyer, S. Purao, S. 2004. The Digital Divides and Information Systems Research: Stepping up or stepping away?. CRITO. (CRITO) Irvine, CA, August 1-4.
  79. Haynes, S. Purao, S. Winter, J. 2004. Evaluating components in the context of use. International Workshop on Models and processes for the evaluation of COTS components. (In association with ICSE 2004) Edinburgh, Scotland, May 25.
  80. Umapathy, K. Purao, S. 2004. Service-oriented Computing: An Oppotunity for the Language-Action Perspective. Language Action Perspective Conference. (LAP) Rutgers, NJ, July 6-9.
  81. Purao, S. Haynes, S. 2004. Modeling to facilitate evaluation and evolution of information systems. Workshop of the Special Interest Group on Systems Analysis and Design. (SIGSAND) St. Johns, Canada, June 8-12.
  82. Xiaocong, F. Umapathy, K. Yen, J. Purao, S. 2004. Team-based Agents for Proactive Failure Handling in Dynamic Composition of Web Services. Third IEEE Web Services Conference. San Diego, CA, July 6-9.
  83. Purao, S. Truex, D. 2004. Supporting Engineering of Information Systems in Emergent Organizations. IFIP WG 8.2 Retrospective. (IFIP 8.2) Manchester, England, July 15-17.
  84. Umapathy, K. Purao, S. Sugumaran, V. 2003. Facilitating Conversations among Web Services as Speech-act based Discourses. 13th Workshop on Information Technologies and Systems. (WITS) Seattle, WA, December 13-14, pp. 85-90.
  85. Chua, C. Purao, S. Storey, V. C. 2003. READABLE: An approach and an environment for developing maintainable web software. Americas Conference on Information Systems. Tampa, FL, August 3-6.
  86. Purao, S. Truex, D. Cao, L. 2003. Now the Twain Shall Meet: Integrating Results from Social Science and Software Engineering for Emergent Systems Development. Americas Conference on Information Systems. Tampa, FL, August 3-6.
  87. Giles, C. Lee, Purao, S. 2003. OurOrgBits: Ubiquitous Computing to Actualize Organizational Memory Systems. Workshop on Ubiquitous Computing Environments. Cleveland, OH, October 24-26.
  88. Storey, V. C. Burton-Jones, A. Sugumaran, V. Purao, S. 2003. A Heuristic-based Methodology for Semantic Augmentation of User Queries on the Web. 22nd International Conference on Conceptual Modeling. (ER) Chicago, IL, October 13-16.
  89. Glantz, E. Purao, S. 2003. Construction, Communication and Caring for Contextual Workflows. Information Resources Management Association Conference. (IRMA) Philadelphia, PA, May 18-21.
  90. Smolander, K. Rossi, M. Purao, S. 2002. Software Architecture: Metaphors across Contexts. AIS Theory Development Workshop. Barcelona, Spain, December 18.
  91. Burton-Jones, A., Purao, S., Storey, V. S. 2002. Context-Aware Query Processing on the Semantic Web. International Conference on Information Systems. (ICIS) Barcelona, Spain, December 15-17.
  92. Purao, S. Rossi, M. Bush, A. 2001. Problem and Design Spaces during Object-oriented Design: An Exploratory Study. Hawaii Internation Conference on System Sciences. (HICSS) Honolulu, HI, January 5-8.
  93. Nilsen, H. Purao, S. 2001. Teaching Emerging Information Technologies. Norwegian Conference on Information Technologies. (NOKOBIT) Trondheim, Norway, October 15-16.
  94. Purao, S. Storey, V. C. Sengupta, A. Moore, M. 2000. Reconciling and Cleansing: An Approach to Inducing Domain Models. Workshop on Information Technologies and Systems. (WITS) Brisbane, Australia, pp. 61-66.
  95. Nilsen, H. Purao, S. 2000. Teaching XML at a Business School: The Agder Experience. Information System Development Conference. (ISD) Kristiansand, Norway, August 12-14, pp. 141-150.
  96. Ulrich, H. Purao, S. Storey, V. S. 2000. An Ontology for Classifying the Semantics of Relationships in Database Design. International Conference on Application of Natural Languages to Information Systems. (NLDB) Versailles, France, June 28-30, pp. 91-102.
  97. Sengupta, A. Purao, S. 2000. Transitioning Existing Content: Inferring Organization-specific Document Structures. XML Meets Business. Heidelberg, Germany, May 3-4, pp. 130-135.
  98. Han, T. Purao, S. Storey, V. S. 1999. A Methodology for Building a Repository of Object-oriented Design Fragments. International Conference on Conceptual Modeling. (ER) Paris, France, November 15-18, pp. 203-217.
  99. Purao, S. Campbell, B. 1998. Critical Issues for Small Business Electronic Commerce: Reflections on Interviews of Small Businesses in Downtown Atlanta. Association of Information Systems Conference. (AIS) Baltimore, MD, August 14-16.
  100. Bush, A. Purao, S. 1998. Characterizing Process Variables in a Study of Design Behaviors. Association of Information Systems Conference. (AIS) Baltimore, MD, August 14-16.
  101. Purao, S. Storey, V. S. 1997. A Web-based Tool to Automate Pattern Retrieval and Synthesis for Object-oriented Design. Workshop on Information Technologies and Systems. (WITS) Atlanta, GA, December 13-14, pp. 180-189.
  102. Han, T. Purao, S. 1997. Effective Distribution of Multimedia Content. Workshop on Information Technologies and Systems. (WITS) Atlanta, GA, December 13-14, pp. 200-208.
  103. Purao, S. Fedchuk, N. 1997. Creating a Knowledge Repository to Aid the IS Developer: The Nations Banc Experience. International Symposium on Applied Corporate Computing. (ISACC) Monterrey, Mexico, November 5-7, pp. 55-65.
  104. Purao, S. Storey, V. S. 1997. Intelligent Support for Selection and Retrieval of Patterns for Object-oriented Design. International Conference on Conceptual Modeling. (ER) Los Angeles, CA, November 3-6, pp. 30-42.
  105. Han, T. Purao, S. 1997. Modeling for Multimedia Object Distribution: Some Issues and A Solution. Southeast Decision Sciences Institute Conference. (SEDSI) Athens, GA, October 10-12, pp. 140-142.
  106. Purao, S. 1997. Hyper-link Teaching to Foster Active Learning. Internatioal Academy of Information Management. (IAIM) Atlanta, GA, December 13-14, pp. 197-205.
  107. Han, T. Purao, S. 1997. The Academic Response to Industry Concerns about ODBMS Adoption. Association of Information Systems Conference. (AIS) Indianapolis, IN, August 15-17, pp. 756-758.
  108. Purao, S. 1997. Intelligent Slides: A Strategy for Active Learning. Global IS Education Conference. (ISECON) Orlando, FL, October 17-19, pp. 121-125.
  109. Purao, S. Jain, H. K. Nazareth, D. L. 1996. Distribution of Object-oriented Applications in a Client-Server Environment. Association of Information Systems Conference. (AIS) Phoenix, AZ, August 16-18,
  110. Purao, S. Jain, H. K. Nazareth, D. L. 1996. Derivation of Traffic Volumes for Distribution of Object-oriented Applications. Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. (HICSS) Maui, HI, January 3-6, pp. 119-128.
  111. Purao, S. Jain, H. K. Nazareth, D. L. 1995. Distributing Object-oriented Applications. Association of Information Systems Conference. (AIS) Pittsburg, PA, August 3-5, pp. 399-402.